Do roku 2004 Minister rolnictwa ChRL szacował, iż ponad 100 milionów osób posiadających hukou na wsi pracowało w miastach.
System hukou nie jest stosowany w Hongkongu i Makau.
Zobacz też prawa człowieka w Chińskiej Republice Ludowej
Bibliografia Guanzi:国门内外，都鄙井田，山泽川隰 Guanzi:禁迁徙、止流民、圉分异 ibid chapter 2:使民无得擅徙 Macleod, Calum. „China reviews ‘apartheid’ for 900m peasants”, The Independent, June 10, 2001. „Chinese apartheid: Migrant labourers, numbering in hundreds of millions, who have been ejected from state concerns and co-operatives since the 1980s as China instituted „socialist capitalism”, have to have six passes before they are allowed to work in provinces other than their own. In many cities, private schools for migrant labourers are routinely closed down to discourage migration.” „From politics to health policies: why they’re in trouble”, The Star, February 6, 2007. David Pines, Efraim Sadka, Itzhak Zilcha, Topics in Public Economics: Theoretical and Applied Analysis, Cambridge University Press, 1998, p. 334. Luard, Tim. „China rethinks peasant 'apartheid'”, BBC News, November 10, 2005. „The hukou system has been criticized in some quarters and has been called 'the equivalent of and apartheid system between rural and urban residents’ (China Labor Bulletin, February 25, 2002).” Laquian, Aprodicio A.