Темите (17-67) по-долу са покрити в глава II-ра: Остеология от Анатомията на Грей (версия от 1918 г.)
Въведение ()
classes Long bones body, or diaphysis medullary canal epiphyses Short bones Flat bones tables of the skull vitreous table
classes Flat bones diploë Irregular bones Surfaces of bones articular eminences articular depressions non-articular eminences tuberosity, protuberance, or process tubercle spine ridge, crest, or line non-articular depressions fossæ, pits, depressions, grooves, furrows, fissures, notches perforation/passage foramen canal
Development of the skeleton
Скелет Аксиален скелет appendicular skeleton Гръбначен стълб Сомит intersegmental septa myocœl Дерматом Миотом Склеротом sclerotogenous layer
Vertebral column membranous vertebral column
Vertebral column cartilaginous vertebral column hypochordal bar or brace nucleus pulposus Ribs primitive costal arches
Sternum sternal plate Skull
Череп membranous cranium chondrocranium chordal or vertebral portion prechordal or prevertebral portion trabeculae cranii parachordal cartilages
cartilaginous ear-capsules trabeculae cranii ethmoidal plate dermal or covering bones
Bone ()
Structure and Physical Properties compact tissue cancellous tissue
medullary mem Periosteum granular corpuscles or osteoblasts Marrow
Marrow myelocytes erythroblasts or normoblasts Giant cells (myeloplaxes, osteoclasts) Howship's foveolæ Vessels and Nerves of Bone blood vessels medullary artery or nutrient artery
Vessels and Nerves of Bone Вени Lymphatic vessels Нерви Minute Anatomy Haversian systems Haversian canal lamellæ lacunæ canaliculi interstitial lamellæ circumferential lamellæ
Minute Anatomy primary or fundamental lamellæ secondary or special lamellæ Haversian canals lamellæ perforating fibers Lacunæ
Minute Anatomy bone-cell bone-corpuscle Canaliculi bone cells Ossification intramembranous ossification
Ossification intramembranous ossification osteoblasts Osteogenetic fibers
Ossification intercartilaginous ossification epiphysial cartilage center of ossification primary areolæ perichondrium
Ossification osteoblasts, or bone-formers osteoclasts, or bone-destroyers secondary areolæ or medullary spaces
Ossification Епифиза pressure epiphyses traction epiphyses atavistic epiphyses
The vertebral column ()
Columna Vertebralis; Spinal column
General characteristics of a vertebra ()
typical vertebra vertebral foramen intervertebral foramina body of vertebra (corpus vertebræ)
body of vertebra (corpus vertebræ) vertebral arch or neural arch (posterior part) pedicle of vertebral arch (radices arci vertebræ) vertebral notches lamina of the vertebral arch processes of vertebra 1 Spinous process (processus spinosus) 4 Articular processes 2 Transverse processes (processus transversi)
The cervical vertebrae ()
cervical vertebræ body anterior surface posterior surface
upper surface lower surface pedicles laminae vertebral foramen spinous process superior articular process inferior articular process transverse processes foramen transversarium costal process or costal element anterior tubercle posterior tubercle
First cervical vertebra (atlas) anterior arch anterior tubercle posterior arch posterior tubercle fovea dentis dens (anatomy) sulcus arteriae vertebralis inferior vertebral notches lateral masses superior facets
First cervical vertebra (atlas) inferior articular facets transverse processes second cervical vertebra (epistropheus or axis) body dens or odontoid process apex
second cervical vertebra (epistropheus or axis) pedicles laminae transverse processes superior articular surfaces inferior articular surfaces superior vertebral notches inferior vertebral notches spinous process Seventh cervical vertebra (Vertebra prominens) transverse processes
Seventh cervical vertebra (Vertebra prominens) cervical rib
The thoracic vertebrae ()
thoracic vertebræ
First thoracic vertebra Ninth thoracic vertebra Tenth thoracic vertebra Eleventh thoracic vertebra Twelfth thoracic vertebra
The lumbar vertebrae ()
lumbar vertebræ
tubercles mammillary process accessory process Fifth lumbar vertebra
The sacral and coccygeal vertebrae ()
Sacrum (os sacrum) sacrovertebral angle Pelvic surface of sacrum (facies pelvina) transverse ridges anterior sacral foramina lateral parts of the sacrum
Dorsal surface of sacrum (facies dorsalis) middle sacral crest sacral groove sacral articular crests
Dorsal surface of sacrum (facies dorsalis) sacral cornua posterior sacral foramina lateral crests Lateral surface of sacrum auricular surface sacral tuberosity inferior lateral angle base of the sacrum (basis oss. sacri)
base of the sacrum (basis oss. sacri) ala of sacrum Apex of the sacrum (apex oss. sacri) Vertebral canal (canalis sacralis; sacral canal)
Differences in the Sacrum of the Male and Female Coccyx (os coccygis) coccygeal cornua Ossification of the Vertebral column
neurocentral synchondroses
Ossification of the Vertebral column
The vertebral column as a whole ()
Curves of vertebral column
Posterior surface vertebral groove Lateral surfaces
The thorax ()
thorax or chest
Thorax: boundaries of: Thorax: skeleton of: upper opening of the thorax
lower opening of the thorax subcostal angle
The sternum ()
sternum (breast bone)
Manubrium (manubrium sterni) jugular notch or presternal notch Body of sternum (corpus sterni; gladiolus)
Body of sternum (corpus sterni; gladiolus) sternal foramen sternal angle (angulus Ludovici) Xiphoid process (processus xiphoideus; ensiform or xiphoid appendix)
fissura sterni
The ribs ()
ribs (Costæ) true ribs or vertebro-sternal ribs false ribs vertebro-chondral ribs floating ribs or vertebral ribs intercostal spaces Common Characteristics of the Ribs Posterior Extremity crista colli costœ
Posterior Extremity head of rib neck of rib tubercle of rib articular portion non-articular portion body or shaft angle costal groove
Anterior extremity or sternal extremity Peculiar ribs First rib scalene tubercle Second rib
Peculiar ribs Tenth rib Eleventh rib and Twelfth rib
The costal cartilages ()
costal cartilages (Cartilagines Costales)
The skull ()
skull cranium skeleton of the face
The cranial bones The occipital bone ()
occipital bone foramen magnum squama (squama occipitalis) external surface external occipital protuberance highest nuchal line
squama (squama occipitalis) external surface superior nuchal line planum occipitale planum nuchale median nuchal line inferior nuchal line internal surface cruciate eminence internal occipital protuberance
squama (squama occipitalis) internal surface sagittal sulcus internal occipital crest vermian fossa confluence of the sinuses Lateral parts of occipital bone (pars lateralis) under surfaces of the lateral part condyles hypoglossal canal (anterior condyloid foramen) condyloid fossa condyloid canal jugular process jugular notch intrajugular process paramastoid process upper surface of the lateral part jugular tubercle
Basilar part of occipital bone (pars basilaris) pharyngeal tubercle Foramen magnum Angles superior angle posterior fontanelle inferior angle lateral angles Borders superior borders lambdoidal suture inferior borders Ossification of occipital bone
The parietal bone ()
external surface parietal eminence (tuber parietale)
external surface superior temporal line and inferior temporal line parietal foramen internal surface sagittal sulcus arachnoid granulations (Pacchionian bodies) Borders sagittal border squamous border
Borders coronal suture occipital border lambdoidal suture Angles frontal angle bregma anterior fontanelle sphenoidal angle occipital angle lambda posterior fontanelle mastoid angle asterion
The frontal bone ()
Squama (squama frontalis) metopic suture frontal eminence (tuber frontale) superciliary arches glabella supraorbital margin
Squama (squama frontalis) supraorbital notch or supraorbital foramen zygomatic process temporal line upper temporal line and lower temporal line nasal part nasal notch nasion nasal process spine of squama sagittal sulcus frontal crest
Squama (squama frontalis) foramen cecum Orbital or Horizontal Part (pars orbitalis) orbital plates ethmoidal notch lacrimal fossa fovea trochlearis trochlear spine ethmoidal notch anterior ethmoidal canal
Orbital or Horizontal Part (pars orbitalis) posterior ethmoidal canal frontal air sinuses frontonasal duct border of the squama posterior borders of the orbital plates Ossification of frontal bone
The temporal bone ()
temporal bone
Squama (squama temporalis) temporal line, or supramastoid crest zygomatic process anterior root and posterior root articular tubercle (eminentia articularis)
Squama (squama temporalis) suprameatal triangle, or mastoid fossa mandibular fossa (glenoid fossa) petrotympanic fissure (Glaserian fissure)
parietal notch antero-inferior border Mastoid portion (pars mastoidea) mastoid foramen mastoid process mastoid notch (digastric fossa) occipital groove
Mastoid portion (pars mastoidea) sigmoid sulcus mastoid cells tympanic antrum tegmen tympani attic or epitympanic recess Petrous portion (pars petrosa) petrosquamous suture eminence (eminentia arcuata) tegmen tympani hiatus of the facial canal
Petrous portion (pars petrosa) Trigeminal impression posterior surface Internal acoustic meatus Crista falciformis Area cribrosa media Foramen singulare Tractus spiralis foraminosus Canalis centralis cochleœ Area cribrosa superior Area facialis Aquæductus Fallopii Aquæductus vestibuli Subarcuate fossa inferior surface Carotid canal
Petrous portion (pars petrosa) inferior surface aquæductus cochleæ jugular fossa inferior tympanic canaliculus mastoid canaliculus jugular surface vaginal process styloid process stylomastoid foramen angles superior angle posterior angle jugular fossa
Petrous portion (pars petrosa) angles jugular foramen anterior angle petrosquamous suture septum canalis musculotubarii (processus cochleariformis) Tympanic part (pars tympanica) tympanic sulcus antero-inferior surface vaginal process foramen of Huschke external acoustic meatus suprameatal spine Styloid process (processus styloideus) Ossification of temporal bone
Ossification of temporal bone Proötic center of temporal bone Pterotic center of temporal bone Epiotic center of temporal bone tympanic ring
The sphenoid bone ()
body of sphenoid bone sphenoidal air sinuses superior surface of sphenoid ethmoidal spine chiasmatic groove (optic groove) optic foramen tuberculum sellæ sella turcica fossa hypophyseos middle clinoid processes dorsum sellæ posterior clinoid processes petrosal process
superior surface of sphenoid clivus lateral surfaces of sphenoid carotid groove lingula posterior surface of sphenoid
anterior surface of sphenoid sphenoidal crest sphenoidal air sinus sphenoidal conchæ inferior surface of sphenoid sphenoidal rostrum vaginal process Great wings (alæ magnæ) (ali-sphenoids)
Great wings (alæ magnæ) (ali-sphenoids) spina angularis (sphenoidal spine) foramen rotundum foramen ovale foramen Vesalii foramen spinosum infratemporal crest sulcus tubæ
Great wings (alæ magnæ) (ali-sphenoids) pterion Small wings (alæ parvæ) orbito-sphenoids Surfaces superior orbital fissure Borders anterior clinoid process optic foramen Pterygoid processes (processus pterygoidei) pterygopalatine groove pterygoid fissure pterygoid fossa scaphoid fossa lateral pterygoid plate Medial pterygoid plate