Dans l'étude de l'évolution moléculaire, un haplogroupe est un grand groupe d'haplotypes, qui sont des séries d'allèles situés à des sites spécifiques dans un chromosome.
Pour la génétique humaine, les haplogroupes qu'on étudie généralement sont des haplogroupes du chromosome Y (ADN-Y) et des haplogroupes de l'ADN mitochondrial (ADN mt). On peut employer les deux pour définir les populations génétiques. L'ADN-Y suit seulement la lignée patrilinéaire, alors que l'ADN mt suit seulement la lignée matrilinéaire. Les hommes disposent des deux types de marqueurs génétiques (ADN mitochondrial de la mère et chromosome Y du père) ; les femmes possèdent uniquement un seul type : l'ADN mitochondrial de la mère. La classification des haplogroupes humains basée sur les marqueurs génétiques a rapidement évolué alors qu'on trouve des nouveaux marqueurs régulièrement.
Sont listés ici les principaux haplogroupes de l'ADN du chromosome Y par pays, basé sur des études scientifiques :
PaysIR1aR1bGJ2J1ETQNLAutres Europe Albanie15.59161.519.5227.510008 Autriche2026238120910.50.500 Biélorussie22491001.5091.51501 Belgique19.5461441510.5000 Bosnie-Herzégovine5313.5426114.52.50003.5 Bulgarie28159.5415.52220.50.5003 Croatie5129813.5061.50000 Tchéquie243422560611.50.500 Chypre83993762050003 Danemark35.5124412.502.5011.500 Angleterre214.5671.53.5020.50.500-0.5 Estonie18.53280102.53.50.53400 Finlande297.53.5000100.558.500 France15.52.561571710000 Allemagne221644.554.505.510.5100 Grèce14.511.515.56.5233214.50000.5 Crète129159.53451140.5000 Hongrie25.532.5175709.511100.5 Islande332342000001100 Irlande122.581110200000.5 Italie6.52.54971821140000 Italie du Nord113.5552.511.50.5114.50000.5 Italie du Centre103.5438.519.52103.50000 Italie du Sud7.52.5298.523.55185.50000.5 Sicile54.5305.526.5417.561000 Sardaigne3702215102.5101.52000 Lettonie8401200.500.50.50.53800 Lituanie1338500010.50.54200 Macédoine2813.513.541202340002 Pays-Bas25.5653.52.5604.510.50.500 Norvège3527280.51010.53301 Pologne16551622.5150.51100 Portugal6.51.5566.59.53142.50.5000 Roumanie3018166.5131.592.52.5001 Russie15.54661302.51.51.52300 Écosse148.572.50.5201.50.50.5000 Serbie41.51571.56.50.520.531201.5 Slovaquie174223140912.50.500 Slovénie33.534.523.51.531300000 Espagne7269381.572.50000 Suède411922130113900 Suisse1884886190.51.5000 Turquie/Anatolie5.57.51611249112.52407.5 Ukraine254342.56.50.5724500.5 Pays-de-Galles9.5183.52.51020.50000 Caucase Arménie4.553011.52210.56410.532 Azerbaïdjan37111830.5115.540073 Tchétchénie0.5425.556.521000073 Daghestan0.58.521.51.584000002 Géorgie291030271621.5101.50 Moyen-Orient Iran316.56.51012104.5342.5427 Irak45.59.52.519.5439.53.50.50.50.51.5 Jordanie3.51.51841331260.50002.5 Kurdistan/Turquie201662.510.59.511.55504.59 Liban52.586.5264517.552052.5 Palestine01.58.531738.519.570005 Syrie51013.53173011.550032 Afrique du Nord Algérie00.51.50.51.558900.5001.5 Égypte0.5265.56.5354660.5015 Maroc004.50.51.56.58300004 Tunisie0.20.52.20.2316.67310003.2
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