Ixodes

Ixodes é un xénero de carrachas de corpo duro da familia Ixodidae. Comprende importantes vectores de doenzas de animais e humanas (doenzas transmitidas por carrachas), e algunhas especies (especialmente Ixodes holocyclus) inxectan toxinas que poden causar parálise. Algunhas carrachas deste xénero poden transmitir a bacteria patóxena Borrelia burgdorferi causante da enfermidade de Lyme. Organismos adicionais que poden ser transmitidos por Ixodes son os parasitos do xénero Babesia, que causan a babesíose, e as bacterias do xénero relacionado Anaplasma, que causan anaplasmose.

Ecoloxía e distribución As especies de Ixodes teñen unha distribución case cosmopolita e aparecen en todas as principais zonas bioxeográficas, incluíndo a Antártida, onde están asociados con colonias de aves mariñas e pingüíns. O xénero parasita unha ampla variedaed de hóspedes vertebrados por todo o mundo, incluíndo mamíferos, aves e réptiles. Os roedores e paseriformes están entre os hóspedes con máis rexistros, especialmente en América.

Descrición e sistemática

Ixodes é o único representante do clado Prostriata dos Ixodidae. As carrachas Prostriata distínguense das Metastriata en canto á posición do suco anal. Nas especies de Ixodes, o suco fai unha curva anterior ao ano, mentres que en Amblyomma, por exemplo, o suco está situado en posición posterior ao ano. As especies de Ixodes son carrachas de tamaño pequeno a medio, xeralmente con corpos piriformes ou ovados. As pezas bucais son anteriores en ambos os sexos, pero adoitan ser longas e máis delgadas nas femias, e curtas nos machos. Os machos teñen placas adanais esclerotizadas. As especies de Ixodes carecen de ollos.

Taxonomía En 2019 Ixodes contiña 274 especies. A clasificación, recoñecemento e resolución filoxenética dos subxéneros de Ixodes aínda se está realizando. Recoñecéronse uns 24 subxéneros por diferentes autores. Todos foron incluídos aquí na seguinte lista para sermos exhaustivos.

Subxéneros

Afrixodes Morel, 1966Morel, P. C. (1966). Sur quelques larves d'Ixodes Latreille, 1796, d'Afrique (Acariens, Ixodoidea). Acarologia, 8, 208-221. Alloixodes Černý, 1969Cerny, V. (1969). Institute of Parasitology, Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, Prague. Folia Parasitologica (PRAHA), 16, 279-284. Amerixodes Morel, 1998Camicas, J. L., Hervy, J. P., Adam, F., & Morel, P. C. (1998). The ticks of the world (Acarida, Ixodida): nomenclature, described stages, hosts, distribution. Australixodes Barker & Barker et al., 2023 Ceratixodes Neumann, 1902Neumann, L.G., 1902. Mém. Soc. Zool. France, 15:125–130 Coxixodes Schulze, 1941 Endopalpiger Schulze, 1935Schulze, P., 1935. Zur vergleichenden anatomie der zecken. (Das sternale, die mundwerkzeuge, analfurchen und analbeschilderung, ihre bedeutung, ursprünglichkeit und luxurieren.). Zeitschrift für Morphologie und ¨Okologie der Tiere 30, 1–40 Eschatocephalus Frauenfeld, 1853Frauenfeld, G. (1853). Eschatocephalus gracilipes. Verhandlungen des KK. Exopalpiger Schulze, 1935 Filippoviella Apanaskevich, Greiman, Fedorov, Ahmed & Barker Haemixodes Kohls & Clifford, 1967IRMNG: Haemixodes Kohls & Clifford 1967 Indixodes Morel, 1998 Ixodes Latreille, 1795 Ixodiopsis Filippova (1957)Filippova, IN. A. 1957. Ixodes stromi, new species of tick and its systematic position in Ixodinae. Zool. Zh.36: 864-869 (in Russian, with English summary [English translation: NAMRU-3-T69]). Lepidixodes Schulze, 1935 Monoindex Emelyanova & Kozlovskaya, 1968Filippova NA. 1977. Ixodid Ticks of the Subfamily Ixodinae. Leningrad: Izd. Nauka, 393 pp. (In Russian)Emelyanova, N. D., & Kozlovskaya, O. L. (1968). A NEW SPECIES AND SUBGENUS OF THE GENUS IXODES LATR. (PARASITIFORMES, IXODIDAE) FROM THE FAR EAST OF U.S.S.R. Multidentatus Neumann, 1904Neumann, L.G. (1904) Notes sur les ixodidés. II. Archives de Parasitologie, 8, 444–464. Partipalpiger Hoogstraal et al., 1973 Pholeoixodes Schulze, 1942 Pomerantzevella Feider, 1965Feider, Z. 1965. Acaromorpha Superfamilia Ixodoidea. In Fauna Republicii Populare Romane, Arachnida vol. 4:1-406 Scaphixodes Schulze, 1941 Sternalixodes Schulze, 1935 Trichotoixodes Reznik, 1961Reznik, P.A., 1961. Contribution to study of immature stages of the tick family Ixodidae. Communication six. Description of Ixodes frontalis Panz. larvae and nymphs and Ixodes redikorzevi Ol. larvae. Tr. Nauchno-Issled. Protivochumnogo Inst. Kavk. Zakavk. 5, 276–286 Xiphixodes Schulze, 1941

Especies

Ixodes abrocomae Lahille, 1916 Ixodes (Ixodes) abramovi Apanaskevich, 2024 Ixodes acer Apanaskevich & Schenk, 2020 Ixodes acuminatus Neumann, 1901 Ixodes (Indixodes) acutitarsus (Karsch, 1880) Ixodes affinis Neumann, 1899 Ixodes albignaci Uilenberg and Hoogstraal, 1969 Ixodes (Ixodes) algericus Keskin, Aftisse and Apanaskevich, 2024 Ixodes alluaudi Neumann, 1913 Ixodes amarali Fonseca, 1935b Ixodes (Afrixodes) ambohitantelensis Englert, Goodman & Apanaskevich, 2023 Ixodes amersoni Kohls, 1966 Ixodes (Australixodes) anatis Chilton, 1904 Ixodes andinus Kohls, 1956a Ixodes (Pholeoixodes) angustus Neumann, 1899 Ixodes antechini Roberts, 1960 Ixodes apronophorus Schulze, 1924 Ixodes arabukiensis Arthur, 1959 Ixodes arboricola Schulze and Schlottke, 1929 Ixodes arebiensis Arthur, 1956c Ixodes ariadnae Hornok, 2014 Ixodes asanumai Kitaoka, 1973 Ixodes aulacodi Arthur, 1956c Ixodes auriculaelongae Arthur, 1958 Ixodes auritulus Neumann, 1904 Ixodes (Endopalpiger) australiensis Neumann, 1904 Ixodes baergi Cooley and Kohls, 1942 Ixodes bakeri Arthur and Clifford, 1961 Ixodes banksi Bishopp, 1911 Ixodes (Endopalpiger) barkeri Barker, 2019 Ixodes bedfordi Arthur, 1959 Ixodes bequaerti Cooley and Kohls, 1945 Ixodes berlesei Birula, 1895 Ixodes bivari Santos Dias, 1990 Ixodes bocatorensis Apanaskevich and Bermúdez, 2017 Ixodes boliviensis Neumann, 1904 Ixodes brevisetosus Apanaskevich et al., 2022Dmitry A. Apanaskevich, Maria A. Apanaskevich, Pavel B. Klimov, Brett M. Edgy, Sergio E. Bermúdez, Marcelo B. Labruna, Andrei I. Korzeev, Stephen C. Barker. 2022. Description of eight new species of Ixodes Latreille, 1795 (Acari: Ixodidae) and redescription of I. auritulus Neumann, 1904, parasites of birds in the Australasian, Nearctic and Neotropical Regions. Zootaxa, 5173 (1), 1–73. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5173.1.1. Ixodes brewsterae Keirans, Clifford and Walker, 1982 Ixodes browningi Arthur, 1956 Ixodes brumpti Morel, 1965 Ixodes brunneus Koch, 1844 Ixodes calcarhebes Arthur and Zulu, 1980 Ixodes caledonicus Nuttall, 1910 Ixodes canisuga Johnston, 1849 Ixodes capromydis Černý, 1966 Ixodes catherinei Keirans, Clifford and Walker, 1982 Ixodes cavipalpus Nuttall and Warburton, 1908 Ixodes ceylonensis Kohls, 1950 Ixodes chilensis Kohls, 1956 Ixodes colasbelcouri Arthur, 1957 Ixodes collaris Hornok, 2016 Ixodes collocaliae Schulze, 1937 Ixodes columnae Takada and Fujita, 1992 Ixodes conepati Cooley and Kohls, 1943 Ixodes (Sternalixodes) confusus Roberts, 1960 Ixodes contrarius Apanaskevich et al., 2022 Ixodes cookei Packard, 1869 Ixodes cooleyi Aragão and Fonseca, 1951 Ixodes copei Wilson, 1980 Ixodes cordifer Neumann, 1908 Ixodes cornuae Arthur, 1960c Ixodes (Sternalixodes) cornuatus Roberts, 1960 Ixodes cornutus Lotozky, 1956 Ixodes corwini Keirans, Clifford and Walker, 1982 Ixodes crenulatus Koch, 1844 Ixodes cuernavacensis Kohls and Clifford, 1966 Ixodes cumulatimpunctatus Schulze, 1943 Ixodes dampfi Cooley, 1943 Ixodes (Trichotoixodes) daveyi Nuttall, 1913 Ixodes dawesi Arthur, 1956 Ixodes dendrolagi Wilson, 1967 Ixodes dentatus Marx, 1899 Ixodes dicei Keirans and Ajohda, 2003 Ixodes diomedeae Arthur, 1958 Ixodes diversifossus Neumann, 1899 Ixodes djaronensis Neumann, 1907 Ixodes domerguei Uilenberg and Hoogstraal, 1965 Ixodes downsi Kohls, 1957 Ixodes drakensbergensis Clifford, Theiler and Baker, 1975b Ixodes eadsi Kohls and Clifford, 1964 Ixodes eastoni Keirans and Clifford, 1983 Ixodes eichhorni Nuttall, 1916 Ixodes eldaricus Dzhaparidze, 1950a Ixodes elongatus Bedford, 1929 Ixodes eudyptidis Maskell, 1885 Ixodes euplecti Arthur, 1958 Ixodes evansi Arthur, 1956 Ixodes (Exopalpiger) fecialis Warburton and Nuttall, 1909 Ixodes (Ixodes) festai Arthur, 1961 Ixodes filippovae Černý, 1961 Ixodes fossulatus Neumann, 1899 Ixodes (Trichotoixodes) frontalis (Panzer, 1798) Ixodes fuscipes Koch, 1844a Ixodes fynbosensis Apanaskevich, Horak, Matthee and Matthee, 2011 Ixodes galapagoensis Clifford and Hoogstraal, 1980 Ixodes (Filippoviella) ghilarovi Filippova and Panova, 1988b Ixodes gibbosus Nuttall, 1916 Ixodes giluwensis Apanaskevich & Schenk, 2020 Ixodes goliath Apanaskevich and Lemon, 2018 Ixodes granulatus Supino, 1897 Ixodes gregsoni Lindquist, Wu and Redner, 1999 Ixodes guatemalensis Kohls, 1956 Ixodes guglielmonei Apanaskevich et al., 2022 Ixodes hearlei Gregson, 1941 Ixodes heathi Kwak, 2018 Ixodes heinrichi Arthur, 1962 Ixodes (Pholeoixodes) hexagonus Leach, 1815 Ixodes himalayensis Dhanda and Kulkarni, 1969 Ixodes (Sternalixodes) hirsti Hassall, 1931 Ixodes (Sternalixodes) holocyclus Neumann, 1899 Ixodes hoogstraali Arthur, 1955 Ixodes howelli Cooley and Kohls, 1938 Ixodes hyatti Clifford, Hoogstraal and Kohls, 1971 Ixodes hydromyidis Swan, 1931 Ixodes (Pholeoixodes) hunanensis Apanaskevich & Duan, 2022 Ixodes (Afrixodes) hyracis Apanaskevich, Drew & Pienaar, 2025 Ixodes inopinatus Estrada-Peña, Nava and Petney, 2014 Ixodes insulae Apanaskevich et al., 2022 Ixodes jacksoni Hoogstraal, 1967 Ixodes jellisoni Cooley and Kohls, 1938 Ixodes jonesae Kohls, Sonenshine and Clifford, 1969 Ixodes kaiseri Arthur, 1957 Ixodes kandingensis Guo, Sun, Xu and Durden, 2017 Ixodes kashmiricus Pomerantzev, 1948 Ixodes kazakstani Olenev and Sorokoumov, 1934 Ixodes kerguelenensis André and Colas-Belcour, 1942 Ixodes kingi Bishopp, 1911 Ixodes (Scaphixodes) kohlsi Arthur, 1955b Ixodes kopsteini (Oudemans, 1926) Ixodes kuntzi Hoogstraal and Kohls, 1965a Ixodes laguri Olenev, 1929 Ixodes (Pholeoixodes) lanigeri Hornok, 2024 Ixodes laridis Heath and Palma, 2017 Ixodes lasallei Méndez Arocha and Ortiz, 1958 Ixodes latus Arthur, 1958 Ixodes laysanensis Wilson, 1964a Ixodes lemuris Arthur, 1958 Ixodes lewisi Arthur, 1965 Ixodes lividus Koch, 1844 Ixodes (Haemixodes) longiscutatus Boero, 1944 Ixodes (Amerixodes) loricatus Neumann, 1899 Ixodes loveridgei Arthur, 1958 Ixodes luciae Sénevet, 1940 Ixodes lunatus Neumann, 1907 Ixodes luxuriosus Schulze, 1935 Ixodes macfarlanei Keirans, Clifford and Walker, 1982 Ixodes malayensis Kohls, 1962 Ixodes marmotae Cooley and Kohls, 1938 Ixodes marxi Banks, 1908 Ixodes maslovi Emel'yanova and Kozlovskaya, 1967 Ixodes matopi Spickett, Keirans, Norval and Clifford, 1981 Ixodes mexicanus Cooley and Kohls, 1942 Ixodes microgalei Apanaskevich, Soarimalala and Goodman, 2013 Ixodes minor Neumann, 1902 Ixodes minutae Arthur, 1959 Ixodes mitchelli Kohls, Clifford and Hoogstraal, 1970 Ixodes mirzai Apanaskevich & Schenk, 2020 Ixodes (Ixodes) mojavensis Backus & Beati, 2022 Ixodes monospinosus Saito, 1967 Ixodes montoyanus Cooley, 1944 Ixodes moralesi Apanaskevich et al., 2022 Ixodes moreli Arthur, 1957 Ixodes moscharius Teng, 1982 Ixodes moschiferi Nemenz, 1968 Ixodes muniensis Arthur and Burrow, 1957 Ixodes muris Bishopp and Smith, 1937 Ixodes murreleti Cooley and Kohls, 1945 Ixodes myospalacis Teng, 1986 Ixodes myotomys Clifford and Hoogstraal, 1970 Ixodes (Sternalixodes) myremecobii Roberts, 1962 Ixodes nairobiensis Nuttall, 1916 Ixodes nchisiensis Arthur, 1958 Ixodes nectomys Kohls, 1956a Ixodes neitzi Clifford, Walker and Keirans, 1977 Ixodes nesomys Uilenberg and Hoogstraal, 1969 Ixodes neuquenensis Ringuelet, 1947 Ixodes nicolasi Santos Dias, 1982 Ixodes nipponensis Kitaoka and Saito, 1967

Ixodes

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