thumb|upright=1.5 |Auto-organização em cubos de Nb3O7(OH) de tamanho micrométrico durante um tratamento hidrotérmico a 200 °C. Inicialmente, cubos amorfos gradualmente se transformam em malhas 3D ordenadas de nanofios cristalinos, conforme resumido no modelo abaixo.
Auto-organização, também chamada de ordem espontânea nas ciências sociais, é um processo em que alguma forma de ordem geral surge de interações locais entre partes de um sistema inicialmente desordenado. O processo pode ser espontâneo quando há energia suficiente disponível, não necessitando de controle por nenhum agente externo. Muitas vezes é desencadeada por flutuações aparentemente aleatórias, amplificadas por feedback positivo. A organização resultante é totalmente descentralizada, distribuída por todos os componentes do sistema. Como tal, a organização é tipicamente robusta e capaz de sobreviver ou autorreparar perturbações substanciais.A teoria do caos discute a auto-organização em termos de ilhas de previsibilidade em um mar de imprevisibilidade caótica.
A auto-organização ocorre em muitos sistemas físicos, químicos, biológicos, robóticos e cognitivos. Exemplos de auto-organização incluem cristalização, convecção térmica de fluidos, oscilação química, enxame de animais, circuitos neurais e mercados negros.
Bibliografia
W. Ross Ashby (1966), Design for a Brain, Chapman & Hall, 2nd edition. Per Bak (1996), How Nature Works: The Science of Self-Organized Criticality, Copernicus Books. Philip Ball (1999), The Self-Made Tapestry: Pattern Formation in Nature, Oxford University Press. Stafford Beer, Self-organization as autonomy: Brain of the Firm 2nd edition Wiley 1981 and Beyond Dispute Wiley 1994. Adrian Bejan (2000), Shape and Structure, from Engineering to Nature, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 324 pp. Mark Buchanan (2002), Nexus: Small Worlds and the Groundbreaking Theory of Networks W. W. Norton & Company. Scott Camazine, Jean-Louis Deneubourg, Nigel R. Franks, James Sneyd, Guy Theraulaz, & Eric Bonabeau (2001) Self-Organization in Biological Systems, Princeton Univ Press. Falko Dressler (2007), Self-Organization in Sensor and Actor Networks, Wiley & Sons. Manfred Eigen and Peter Schuster (1979), The Hypercycle: A principle of natural self-organization, Springer. Myrna Estep (2003), A Theory of Immediate Awareness: Self-Organization and Adaptation in Natural Intelligence, Kluwer Academic Publishers. Myrna L. Estep (2006), Self-Organizing Natural Intelligence: Issues of Knowing, Meaning, and Complexity, Springer-Verlag. J. Doyne Farmer et al. (editors) (1986), "Evolution, Games, and Learning: Models for Adaptation in Machines and Nature", in: Physica D, Vol 22. Carlos Gershenson and Francis Heylighen (2003). "When Can we Call a System Self-organizing?" In Banzhaf, W, T. Christaller, P. Dittrich, J. T. Kim, and J. Ziegler, Advances in Artificial Life, 7th European Conference, ECAL 2003, Dortmund, Germany, pp. 606–14. LNAI 2801. Springer. Hermann Haken (1983) Synergetics: An Introduction. Nonequilibrium Phase Transition and Self-Organization in Physics, Chemistry, and Biology, Third Revised and Enlarged Edition, Springer-Verlag. F.A. Hayek Law, Legislation and Liberty, RKP, UK. Francis Heylighen (2001): "The Science of Self-organization and Adaptivity". Arthur Iberall (2016), Homeokinetics: The Basics, Strong Voices Publishing, Medfield, Massachusetts. Henrik Jeldtoft Jensen (1998), Self-Organized Criticality: Emergent Complex Behaviour in Physical and Biological Systems, Cambridge Lecture Notes in Physics 10, Cambridge University Press. Steven Berlin Johnson (2001), Emergence: The Connected Lives of Ants, Brains, Cities, and Software. Stuart Kauffman (1995), At Home in the Universe, Oxford University Press. Stuart Kauffman (1993), Origins of Order: Self-Organization and Selection in Evolution Oxford University Press. J. A. Scott Kelso (1995), Dynamic Patterns: The self-organization of brain and behavior, The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. J. A. Scott Kelso & David A Engstrom (2006), "The Complementary Nature", The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. Alex Kentsis (2004), Self-organization of biological systems: Protein folding and supramolecular assembly, Ph.D. Thesis, New York University. E.V. Krishnamurthy (2009)", Multiset of Agents in a Network for Simulation of Complex Systems", in "Recent advances in Nonlinear Dynamics and synchronization, (NDS-1) – Theory and applications, Springer Verlag, New York,2009. Eds. K.Kyamakya, et al. Paul Krugman (1996), The Self-Organizing Economy, Cambridge, Massachusetts, and Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. Elizabeth McMillan (2004) "Complexity, Organizations and Change". Marshall, A (2002) The Unity of Nature, Imperial College Press: London (esp. chapter 5) Müller, J.-A., Lemke, F. (2000), Self-Organizing Data Mining. Gregoire Nicolis and Ilya Prigogine (1977) Self-Organization in Non-Equilibrium Systems, Wiley. Heinz Pagels (1988), The Dreams of Reason: The Computer and the Rise of the Sciences of Complexity, Simon & Schuster. Gordon Pask (1961), The cybernetics of evolutionary processes and of self organizing systems, 3rd. International Congress on Cybernetics, Namur, Association Internationale de Cybernetique. Christian Prehofer ea. (2005), "Self-Organization in Communication Networks: Principles and Design Paradigms", in: IEEE Communications Magazine, July 2005. Mitchell Resnick (1994), Turtles, Termites and Traffic Jams: Explorations in Massively Parallel Microworlds, Complex Adaptive Systems series, MIT Press.}}ISBN?}} Lee Smolin (1997), The Life of the Cosmos Oxford University Press. Ricard V. Solé and Brian C. Goodwin (2001), Signs of Life: How Complexity Pervades Biology], Basic Books. Ricard V. Solé and Jordi Bascompte (2006), in Complex Ecosystems, Princeton U. Press
Steven Strogatz (2004), Sync: The Emerging Science of Spontaneous Order, Thesis. D'Arcy Thompson (1917), On Growth and Form, Cambridge University Press, 1992 Dover Publications edition. J. Tkac, J Kroc (2017), Cellular Automaton Simulation of Dynamic Recrystallization: Introduction into Self-Organization and Emergence "(open source software)" "Video – Simulation of DRX" Tom De Wolf, Tom Holvoet (2005), Emergence Versus Self-Organisation: Different Concepts but Promising When Combined, In Engineering Self Organising Systems: Methodologies and Applications, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, volume 3464, pp. 1–15. K. Yee (2003), "Ownership and Trade from Evolutionary Games", International Review of Law and Economics, 23.2, 183–197. Louise B. Young (2002), The Unfinished Universe
Ligações externas
Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, Göttingen PDF file on self-organized common law with references An entry on self-organization at the Principia Cybernetica site The Science of Self-organization and Adaptivity, a review paper by Francis Heylighen The Self-Organizing Systems (SOS) FAQby Chris Lucas, from the USENET newsgroup comp.theory.self-org.sys David Griffeath, Primordial Soup Kitchen(graphics, papers) nlin.AO, nonlinear preprint archive, (electronic preprints in adaptation and self-organizing systems)
Selforganization in complex networksThe Complex Systems Lab, Barcelona Computational Mechanics Groupat the Santa Fe Institute "Organisation must grow" (1939)W. Ross Ashby journal p. 759, from The W. Ross Ashby Digital Archive
Connectivism:SelfOrganization UCLA Human Complex Systems Program "Interactions of Actors (IA), Theory and Some Applications" 1993Gordon Pask's theory of learning, evolution and self-organization (in draft). The Cybernetics Society Scott Camazine's webpage on self-organization in biological systems Mikhail Prokopenko's page on Information-driven Self-organisation (IDSO) Lakeside Labs Self-Organizing Networked SystemsA platform for science and technology, Klagenfurt, Austria. Watch 32 discordant metronomes synch up all by themselvestheatlantic.com
Categoria:Cibernética Categoria:Evolução