Mishpatim

Mishpatim (—hebraico para "leis", a segunda palavra da paraxá) é a décima oitava porção semanal da Torá (, paraxá) no ciclo anual Judaico de leitura da Torá e o sexto no Livro do Êxodo. A paraxá estabelece uma série de leis, a que alguns estudiosos chamam Código da Aliança. Relata a aceitação do povo da aliança com Deus. A paraxá constitui o Êxodo 21:1–24:18. A paraxá é composta por 5.313 letras hebraicas, 1.462 palavras hebraicas, 118 versículos e 185 linhas num rolo da Torá (, Sefer Torá).

Judeus lêem-no no décimo oitavo Sabá depois de Simchat Torá, geralmente em fevereiro ou, raramente, no final de janeiro. Como a paraxá estabelece algumas das leis da Páscoa, os judeus também lêem parte da paraxá, Êxodo 22:24–23:19, como a leitura inicial da Torá para o segundo dia intermédio (, Chol HaMoed ) da Páscoa. Os judeus também lêem a primeira parte da paraxá Ki Tisa , Êxodo 30:11-16, que diz respeito ao imposto individual de meio shekel , como uma leitura bíblica maftir no Shabat Shekalim especial , que muitas vezes cai no mesmo Shabat da paraxá. Mishpatim (como acontece nos anos de 2013, 2015, 2017 e 2018).

Leitura adicional Antigo Laws of Eshnunna 53–55. Sumer, circa 2100 BCE. In, e.g., Reuven Yaron. The Laws of Eshnunna. Brill Academic Publishers, 1997. (ox that gores). Code of Hammurabi 194–214, 250–51. Babylonia, Circa 1780 BCE. In, e.g., James B. Pritchard. Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament, pages 175, 178. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1969. (An eye for an eye, ox that gores).

Bíblico Gênesis 31:39 (domestic animals lost to wild animals). Êxodo 12:3–27, 43–49 (Passover); 13:6–10 (Passover); 34:22–26 (three pilgrim festivals). Levítico 23:4–43 (three pilgrim festivals); 25:8–10, 39–55. Números 9:1–14 (Passover); 28:16–31 (Passover, Shavuot); 29:12–34 (Sukkot). Deuteronômio 15:12–18 (Hebrew servant); 16:1–17 (three pilgrim festivals); 20:10–14; 21:10–14; 23:16–17 (Passover); 31:10–13 (Sukkot). Josué 5:10–11 (Passover). Juízes 21:19 (Sukkot). 1 Reiss 8:1–66 (Sukkot); 12:32 (northern feast like Sukkot). 2 Reiss 4:1–7. Jeremias 34:8–22. Ezequiel 45:25 (Sukkot). Amós 2:6. Zacarias 14:16–19 (Sukkot). Esdras 3:4 (Sukkot). Neemias 5:1–13 (Hebrew slaves); 8:14–18 (Sukkot). 2 Crônicas 5:3–14 (Sukkot); 7:8 (Sukkot); 8:12–13 (three Pilgrim festivals).

Não rabínico antigo João 7:1–53 (Sukkot). Alcorão 2:275; 3:130. Arabia, 7th century. (Islam's parallel prohibition of interest, or riba).

Rabínico clássico Mixná: Peah 8:9; Sheviit 1:1–10:9; Terumot 3:6–7; Challah 4:10; Bikkurim 1:1–3:12; Pesachim 1:1–10:9; Sukkah 1:1–5:8; Beitzah 1:1–5:7; Rosh Hashanah 2:9; Chagigah 1:1–3; Ketubot 3:2, 5:6; Sotah 3:8; Kiddushin 1:2–3; Bava Kamma 1:1–10:10; Bava Metzia 2:10, 3:12, 4:10, 5:11, 7:8–8:3; Sanhedrin 1:1, 4, 6, 7:6, 8:6, 9:1, 11:1; Avot 5:9; Zevachim 14:2; Chullin 8:4; Bekhorot 1:7, 8:7; Arakhin 3:1, 3–4; Zavim 2:3. Land of Israel, circa 200 CE. In, e.g., Jacob Neusner, translator, The Mishnah: A New Translation, pages 36, 68–93, 99, 158, 166–75, 229–51, 279–99, 303, 328–29, 383, 388–89, 453, 487–88, 503–28, 533, 537, 540, 544, 548–51, 583–85, 598, 601–02, 607, 687, 730, 781, 790, 806, 812–13, 1111. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1988. Tosefta: Berakhot 4:15; 6:1; Sheviit 1:1–8:11; Terumot 7:8; Bikkurim 1:1–2:16; Shabbat 15:17; Pisha (Pesachim) 1:1–10:13; Shekalim 3:24; Sukkah 1:1–4:28; Beitzah (Yom Tov) 1:1–4:11; Chagigah 1:1; Ketubot 3:7; 12:2; Nedarim 2:6; Sotah 8:7; 11:6; Bava Kamma 1:1–11:18; Bava Metzia 2:25–26; 4:2; 7:9–8:1; 8:20–21; Sanhedrin 3:2, 7; 11:5, 9; 12:3; Makkot 2:1–3:10; Shevuot 3:8; 5:2; 6:1, 3; Eduyot 1:15; Avodah Zarah 6:11; Zevachim 8:26; Chullin 8:11; Arakhin 2:10; 3:2; 5:9. Land of Israel, circa 250 CE. In, e.g., The Tosefta: Translated from the Hebrew, with a New Introduction. Translated by Jacob Neusner, volume 1, pages 25, 37, 178, 203–49, 345–53, 418, 471–522, 538, 567–84, 594, 663, 752, 778, 789, 870, 879; volume 2, pages 951–1022, 1033, 1044, 1063–66, 1071–72, 1150, 1153–54, 1183–85, 1202–08, 1233–34, 1236, 1240–41, 1250, 1285, 1347, 1397, 1499, 1501, 1514. Peabody, Massachusetts: Hendrickson Publishers, 2002. Jerusalem Talmud: Berakhot 39a, 60a, 72b, 88a; Peah 3a, 6b, 41b, 47b, 49a, 57b, 73a; Demai 28a; Sheviit 1a–87b; Terumot 29b, 31a, 61a, 75b, 101b; Maaser Sheni 38a; Challah 47b, 48b; Orlah 33b–34b; Bikkurim 1a–26b; Shabbat 1a–113b; Eruvin 28b, 52a; Pesachim 1a–86a; Yoma 2b; Sukkah 1a–33b; Beitzah 1a–49b; Rosh Hashanah 4a, 7b, 17a; Taanit 22b, 23b, 26a, 29a; Megillah 6a, 15b, 18b, 35a; Moed Katan 11b; Chagigah 1a–3a, 4a, 14b; Yevamot 12a, 43a, 58a–b, 69a; Ketubot 5b, 17a, 20b, 21b, 26b, 38b; Nedarim 12b; Nazir 25b–26b, 52a–53a; Sotah 19b–20a; Gittin 20b, 22a, 24b, 31b; Kiddushin 1a, 3a, 5b–6b, 7b, 8b, 9b–11a, 16a, 21a; Bava Kamma 1a–40b; Bava Metzia 8b–12a, 16a, 23a, 27b–29a, 33a; Bava Batra 19a; Sanhedrin 1a–b, 3b, 9a, 10b, 22a, 26b, 27b–28a, 29b, 39a, 44a–b, 45b–46a, 49a, 50a, 51a, 54a, 57b–58b; Shevuot 34b–36a, 38a–b, 39b, 45a–46a, 46b; Avodah Zarah 1a, 11a, 15a, 33b. Tiberias, Land of Israel, circa 400 CE. In, e.g., Talmud Yerushalmi. Edited by Chaim Malinowitz, Yisroel Simcha Schorr, and Mordechai Marcus, volumes 1–4, 6b–8, 10–13, 16–19, 21–31, 33, 35–36, 38–48. Brooklyn: Mesorah Publications, 2005–2020. Mekhilta According to Rabbi Ishmael 58:1–80:2. Land of Israel, late 4th century. In, e.g., Mekhilta According to Rabbi Ishmael. Translated by Jacob Neusner, volume 2, pages 105–250. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1988. Midrash Tanhuma Mishpatim. 5th–10th centuries. In, e.g., The Metsudah Midrash Tanchuma: Shemos II. Translated and annotated by Avrohom Davis, edited by Yaakov Y.H. Pupko, volume 4 (Shemos volume 2), pages 1–100. Monsey, New York: Eastern Book Press, 2004.

Babylonian Talmud: Berakhot 5a, 17a, 21b, 36b, 48b, 56b, 58a, 60a; Shabbat 2a–157b; Eruvin 51a, 54b, 65a; Pesachim 2a–121b; Yoma 2b, 3b–4b, 15b, 50a, 52b, 59a, 65a, 75a, 76a, 79a, 85a; Sukkah 2a–56b; Beitzah 2a–40b; Rosh Hashanah 11a, 13a, 25a; Taanit 28b; Megillah 15b, 31a; Moed Katan 2a–3a, 5a, 8a, 23b; Chagigah 2a, 3a, 4a–b, 6a–7a, 11a, 18a, 25a; Yevamot 4a, 5b, 7a, 22b–23a, 25a, 35a, 46b, 48b, 49b, 60a, 66b, 69b–70a, 72b, 78a, 100b–01a, 103a, 104a; Ketubot 10a, 15b, 17a, 18a, 29a–30a, 32a–34b, 36b–38b, 39b–41a, 42a–b, 44b, 46a–48a, 56a, 61b, 63a, 79b, 97b, 105a–b, 112a; Nedarim 7a, 15b, 31b–32a, 76a; Nazir 35a, 37a; Sotah 8a, 13b, 17a, 23a–b, 36a, 42b; Gittin 7a, 12b, 18a, 42a–b, 45a, 48b–49b, 51b, 65a, 77a, 88b; Kiddushin 3b–4a, 6a, 9b, 11b, 14b–15a, 16a–20a, 21b–22b, 24a–b, 30b, 34a–35a, 38a, 40a, 42b–43a, 46a, 49a, 56b, 57b–58a, 68b; Bava Kamma 2a–119b; Bava Metzia 5a–b, 10b–11a, 27a, 31a–33b, 38b–39a, 41a, 43b, 48b, 54a, 56a–b, 57b, 58b, 59b, 62a, 71a, 75b, 83a, 93a–99b, 107b, 113b, 114b; Bava Batra 4a, 23b, 28a–b, 43b, 50a, 70a, 81a, 93a, 94b, 107a, 108b, 126b, 159a; Sanhedrin 2a–b, 3b–4b, 7b, 9b, 15a–b, 17a, 18b–19a, 24b–25b, 27a, 28b, 32a, 33b, 35b–36b, 38b, 40b–41a, 43a, 47a, 52b–53a, 54b, 56a–b, 60a–b, 63a–b, 66a, 67a–b, 69a, 72a–b, 74a, 78a–79a, 80a, 83a, 84b–86a, 87b, 94a, 109a, 110b, 111b; Makkot 2b, 5a–b, 7a–13a, 18a–b, 19b, 21b, 23a; Shevuot 30b–31a, 33a, 35b, 36b, 39b, 40b, 42a–43a, 45a–b, 47a, 49a; Avodah Zarah 34b, 51a, 74a; Horayot 4b; Zevachim 24b, 38b, 66a, 69a, 70b, 82b, 97b, 115b–16a, 117a; Menachot 5b, 10a, 43b, 45a, 71a, 78b, 83b, 84b, 101b; Chullin 11a–b, 26b, 30a, 37a, 39b, 42a, 47b, 68a–b, 73b, 75a, 77a, 81a–b, 82b, 89a, 98b, 101a, 102b, 103b, 108b, 113a, 114a, 115b–16a, 120b, 131a, 134a, 137a; Bekhorot 2b, 10a, 11a, 13a, 26b, 34a, 49b, 50b–51b, 55b, 57a; Arakhin 2b, 6b–7a, 13b, 14b, 18b, 19b, 25b, 29a, 30b, 33a; Temurah 3b–4a, 25b, 30a–b; Keritot 4a, 8b–9a; Meilah 13a; Niddah 8a, 40a, 47b–48a. Sasanian Empire, 6th century. In, e.g., Talmud Bavli. Edited by Yisroel Simcha Schorr, Chaim Malinowitz, and Mordechai Marcus, 72 volumes. Brooklyn: Mesorah Publications, 2006.

Medieval Exodus Rabbah 30:1–32:9. 10th century. In, e.g., Midrash Rabbah: Exodus. Translated by Simon M. Lehrman, volume 3, pages 346–413. London: Soncino Press, 1939.

Rashi on Exodus 21–24. Troyes, France, late 11th century. In, e.g., Yisrael Isser Zvi Herczeg. Rashi: The Torah: With Rashi's Commentary Translated, Annotated, and Elucidated, volume 2, pages 247–317. Brooklyn: Mesorah Publications, 1994. Rashbam. Commentary on the Torah. Troyes, early 12th century. In, e.g., Rashbam's Commentary on Exodus: An Annotated Translation. Edited and translated by Martin I. Lockshin, pages 225–302. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1997. Judah Halevi. Kuzari. 2:14; 3:1, 35, 47; 4:3, 11. Toledo, Spain, 1130–1140. In, e.g., Jehuda Halevi. Kuzari: An Argument for the Faith of Israel. Introduction by Henry Slonimsky, pages 90, 135, 168, 175, 204, 217. New York: Schocken, 1964. Abraham ibn Ezra. Commentary on the Torah. France, 1153. In, e.g., Ibn Ezra's Commentary on the Pentateuch: Exodus (Shemot). Translated and annotated by H. Norman Strickman and Arthur M. Silver, volume 2, pages 447–530. New York: Menorah Publishing Company, 1996.

Maimonides. Mishneh Torah, Introduction, 1. Cairo, Egypt, 1170–1180. Maimonides. The Guide for the Perplexed. Cairo, Egypt, 1190. In, e.g., Moses Maimonides. The Guide for the Perplexed. Translated by Michael Friedländer, pages 17–19, 28, 32, 34, 37, 51, 58–59, 64, 96, 160, 163, 221, 223, 277, 315, 317, 323, 333, 339–44, 347, 353, 371, 374–75, 387. New York: Dover Publications, 1956. Hezekiah ben Manoah. Hizkuni. France, circa 1240. In, e.g., Chizkiyahu ben Manoach. Chizkuni: Torah Commentary. Translated and annotated by Eliyahu Munk, volume 2, pages 517–74. Jerusalem: Ktav Publishers, 2013.

Nacmânides. Commentary on the Torah. Jerusalem, circa 1270. In, e.g., Ramban (Nachmanides): Commentary on the Torah. Translated by Charles B. Chavel, volume 2, pages 338–433. New York: Shilo Publishing House, 1973. The Zohar 2:94a–126a. Spain, late 13th century. In, e.g., The Zohar. Translated by Harry Sperling and Maurice Simon. 5 volumes. London: Soncino Press, 1934. Bahya ben Asher. Commentary on the Torah. Spain, early 14th century. In, e.g., Midrash Rabbeinu Bachya: Torah Commentary by Rabbi Bachya ben Asher. Translated and annotated by Eliyahu Munk, volume 4, pages 1122–217. Jerusalem: Lambda Publishers, 2003. Jacob ben Asher (Baal Ha-Turim). Commentary on the Torah. Early 14th century. In, e.g., Baal Haturim Chumash: Shemos/Exodus. Translated by Eliyahu Touger, edited and annotated by Avie Gold, volume 2, pages 755–811. Brooklyn: Mesorah Publications, 2000. Nissim of Gerona (The Ran). Derashos HaRan (Discourses of the Ran), discourse 4. Barcelona, Catalonia, 14th century. In, e.g., Yehuda Meir Keilson. Derashos HaRan: Discourses of the Ran, Rabbeinu Nissim ben Reuven of Gerona, Translated, Annotated, and Elucidated. Volume 1, pages 277–363. Brooklyn: Mesorah Publications, 2019. Isaac ben Moses Arama. Akedat Yizhak (The Binding of Isaac). Late 15th century. In, e.g., Yitzchak Arama. Akeydat Yitzchak: Commentary of Rabbi Yitzchak Arama on the Torah. Translated and condensed by Eliyahu Munk, volume 1, pages 437–58. New York: Lambda Publishers, 2001. Isaac Abravanel. Principles of Faith. Chapters 3, 5, 12, 17, 19. Naples, Italy, 1494. In, e.g., Isaac Abravanel. Principles of Faith (Rosh Amanah). Translated by Menachem Marc Kellner, pages 66, 76, 116, 118, 154, 171. Rutherford, New Jersey: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1982. Isaac Abravanel. Commentary on the Torah. Italy, between 1492–1509. In, e.g., Abarbanel: Selected Commentaries on the Torah: Volume 2: Shemos/Exodus. Translated and annotated by Israel Lazar, pages 258–93. Brooklyn: CreateSpace, 2015.

Moderno Abraham Saba. Ẓeror ha-Mor (Bundle of Myrrh). Fez, Morocco, circa 1500. In, e.g., Tzror Hamor: Torah Commentary by Rabbi Avraham Sabba. Translated and annotated by Eliyahu Munk, volume 3, pages 1069–100. Jerusalem, Lambda Publishers, 2008.