Willard Van Orman Quine (Akron, — Boston, ), usualmente citado como Quine, mas conhecido por seus amigos e familiares como Van, foi um dos mais influentes matemáticos, filósofos e lógicos norte-americanos do século XX, considerado o maior lógico e filósofo analítico da segunda metade desse século.
Quine pertenceu à tradição da filosofia analítica ao mesmo tempo que foi um dos principais proponentes da visão que a filosofia não é análise conceitual. Quine lecionou filosofia e matemática durante toda a vida na Universidade Harvard, onde foi titular da Cadeira de Filosofia Edgar Pierce de 1956 a 1978. Entre seus principais escritos encontram-se "Dois dogmas do empirismo", o qual ataca a distinção entre juízos analíticos e sintéticos e defende um holismo epistêmico, quiçá semântico, e Word and Object, o qual aprofundou tais posições e introduziu a famosa tese da indeterminação da tradução. Quine mostrou que a distinção entre juízos sintéticos e juízos analíticos não estava apoiada em nada firme, era um dogma que era aceito sem nenhuma justificação, apenas pela necessidade dos empiristas de isolar a convenção dos juízos testáveis. Sem este dogma, este princípio do atomismo na verificação também não se sustenta e portanto é aceito apenas como um outro artigo de fé, um segundo dogma. Quine então conclama os empiristas a se livrarem dos dois dogmas e, sem distinção entre juízos sintéticos e juízos analíticos e aderindo a um holismo quanto à verificação, a endossarem um empirismo sem dogmas.
Biografia Quine nasceu em 25 de junho de 1908 nos Estados Unidos, educado no Oberlain Colege, tendo obtido o título de doutor em Harvard, sob orientação de Alfred North Whitehead. Inicialmente tendo a lógica como seu principal campo de interesse e objetivando e aperfeiçoar em tal campo visitou Viena, Praga e estudou Lógica com Rudolf Carnap. Em 1936 tornou-se professor em Harvard. Morreu a 25 de dezembro de 2000, em seu país natal.
Bibliografia
1932. A Note on Nicod's Postulate in Mind (July 1932), 41(163): 345-350 1933. A Theorem in the Calculus of Classes in Journal of the London Mathematical Society (April 1933), 8(30):89-95 1933. The Logic of Sequences in (Summaries of Theses, Harvard (1932), 335 - 338 1934. Ontological Remarks on the Propositional Calculus in Mind (October 1934), 43(172): 472-476 [reprinted in W. V. Quine's Ways of Paradox] 1934.+ Report on Whitehead's Logical Definitions of Extension, Class, and Number in American Mathematics Monthly 41: 129 - 131 1934. A Method of Generating Part of Arithmetic without Use of Intuitive Logic in Bulletin of the American Mathematical Monthly (October 1934), 40(10): 753-761 [reprinted in W. V. Quine's Selected Logic Papers] 1935.+ A unified calculus of propositions, classes, and relations (abstract) in Bulletin American Mathematical Society 41: 338 1936. Concepts of Negative Degree. in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (January 15, 1936), 22(1): 40-45 1936. A Theory of Classes Presupposing No Canons of Type. in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (May 15, 1936), 22(5): 320-326 1936. A Reinterpretation of Schönfinkel's Logical Operators. in Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society (February 1936), 42: 87-89 1936. Definition of Substitution. in Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society (August 1936), 42: 561-569 [reprinted in W. V. Quine's Selected Logic Papers] 1936. On the Axiom of Reducibility. in Mind (October 1936), 45(180): 498-500 1936. Toward a Calculus of Concepts. in Journal of Symbolic Logic (March 1936), 1(1): 2-25 1936. Set-Theoretic Foundations for Logic. in Journal of Symbolic Logic (June 1936), 1(2): 45-57 [reprinted in W. V. Quine's Selected Logic Papers] 1936. Truth By Convention in Philosophical Essays for A. N. Whitehead, O. H. Lee (editor), New York: Longmans, pp. 90 - 124 [reprinted in W. V. Quine's Ways of Paradox and Quintessence] 1937. New Foundations for Mathematical Logic. in The American Monthly (February 1937), 44(2): 70-80 [reprinted in W. V. Quine's From A Logical Point of View] 1937. On Derivability. in Journal of Symbolic Logic (September 1937), 2(3): 113-119 1937. On Cantor's Theorem. in Journal of Symbolic Logic (September 1937), 2(3): 120-124 1937. Logic Based on Inclusion and Abstraction. in Journal of Symbolic Logic (December 1937), 2(4): 145-152 [reprinted in W. V. Quine's Selected Logic Papers] 1937.+ Is logic a matter of words? (abstract) in Journal of Philosophy 34: 674 1938. Completeness of the Propositional Calculus. in Journal of Symbolic Logic (March 1938), 3(1): 37-40 [reprinted in W. V. Quine's Selected Logic Papers] 1938. On the Theory of Types. in Journal of Symbolic Logic (December 1938), 3(4): 125-139 [reprinted in Klemke, 1970]] 1939. Designation and Existence. Journal of Philosophy (December 21, 1939), 36(26): 701-709 [reprinted partially in W. V. Quine's From A Logical Point of View] 1939. Relations and Reason. Technology Review (1939), 41: 299-301, 324-327 [reprinted in W. V. Quine. 2008. Confessions of a Confirmed Extensionalist] 1939. A Logistical Approach to the Ontological Problem. in Journal of Unified Science = Erkenntnis (1939), 9: 84-89. [Preprints only (German invasion)] ; [reprinted in W. V. Quine's The Ways of Paradox] 1940. (with Nelson Goodman.) Elimination of Extra-Logical Postulates. in Journal of Symbolic Logic (September 1940), 5(3): 104-109 [reprinted in Goodman, 1972] 1940.+ Mathematical Logic (report of book completed with the support of a Penrose Fund grant) in Year Book of American Philosophical Society (1940): pp. 230-231 1941. Element and Number. Journal of Symbolic Logic (December 1941), 6(4): 135-149 [reprinted in W. V. Quine's Selected Logic Papers] 1941. Whitehead and the Rise of Modern Logic. in Philosophy of A. N. Whitehead, P. A. Schilpp (editor), LaSalle: Open Court, pp. 125 - 163 [reprinted in W. V. Quine's Selected Logic Papers] 1941-1942. Russell's Paradox and Others. in Technology Review (1941-42), 44: 16-17 1942. Reply to Professor Ushenko. Journal of Philosophy (January 25, 1942), 39(3): 68-71. Reply to Professor Ushenko's Dr. Quine's Theory of Truth-Functions, pp. 64-67. 1942. On Existence Conditions for Elements and Classes. Journal of Symbolic Logic (December 1942), 7(4): 157-159 1943. Notes on Existence and Necessity. in Journal of Philosophy (March 4, 1943), 40(5): 113-127. [Translation from W. V. Quine's original Portuguese O sentido da nova lógica ( São Paulo: Livraria Martins editora, 1944)], pp. 140-144, 146-158, 179-183 [partially reprinted in W. V. Quine's From A Logical Point of View] 1945. On the Logic of Quantification. in Journal of Symbolic Logic (March 1945), 10(1): 1-12 [reprinted in W. V. Quine's Selected Logic Papers] 1945. On Ordered Pairs. Journal of Symbolic Logic (September 1945), 10(3): 95-96 [reprinted in W. V. Quine's Selected Logic Papers] 1946. On Relations as Coextensive with Classes. in Journal of Symbolic Logic (September 1946), 11(3): 71-72 [reprinted in W. V. Quine's Selected Logic Papers] 1946. Concatenation as a Basis for Arithmetic. in Journal of Symbolic Logic (December 1946), 11(4): 105-114 [reprinted in W. V. Quine's Selected Logic Papers] 1946.+ Translation (with introduction) of Löwenheim's manuscript On Making Indirect Proofs Direct, Class, and Number in Script and Mathematica 12: 125 - 134 1946. Os Estados Unidos e o ressurgimento da logica in Vida Intellectual nos Estados Unidos , R. Amorim (editor), São Paulo: U.C.B.E.U. pp. 267 - 286 1947.* The Problem of Interpreting Modal Logic. in Journal of Symbolic Logic (June 1947), 12(2): 43-48 [partially reprinted in W. V. Quine's From a Logical Point of View] [reprinted in 1967. Contemporary Readings in Logical Theory, Irving M. Copi and James A. Gould (editors)] 1947.+ On the problem of universals (abstract) in Journal of Symbolic Logic 12: 31 1947. On Universals. in Journal of Symbolic Logic (September 1947), 12(3): 74-84 [partially reprinted in W. V. Quine's From a Logical Point of View] 1947. (with Nelson Goodman.) Steps toward a Constructive Nominalism. in Journal of Symbolic Logic (December 1947), 12(4): 105-122 [reprinted in Goodman, 1972] 1947.+ Letter in Carnap's Meaning and Necessity, Chicago, pp. 196f 1948. On What There Is. Review of Metaphysics (September 1948), 2(5): 21-38 [reprinted in W. V. Quine's From a Logical Point of View and Quintessence] 1949. On Decidability and Completeness. in Synthese (1948-49), 7: 441-446 1950. On Natural Deduction. Journal of Symbolic Logic (June 1950), 15(2): 93-102 1950. Identity, Ostension, and Hypostasis. in Journal of Philosophy (October 26, 1950), 47(22): 621-633 [reprinted in W. V. Quine's From a Logical Point of View] 1950.+ Information patterns for games in extensive form (abstract with W. D. Krentel and J. C. C. McKinsey) in Proceedings of International Congress of Mathematics 1 [see published paper in 1951] 1951.* The Ordered Pair in Number Theory. pp. 84 - 87 in Structure Method and Meaning: Essays in Honor of Henry M. Sheffer, Paul Henle, Horace M. Kallen, Susanne K. Langer (editors), The Liberal Arts Press, New York 1951. Ontology and Ideology. Philosophical Studies (1951), 2: 11-15 [partially reprinted in W. V. Quine's From a Logical Point of View] 1951. On Carnap's Views on Ontology. in Philosophical Studies (October 1951), 2(5): 65-72 [reprinted in W. V. Quine's The Ways of Paradox and Quintessence] 1951. Semantics and Abstract Objects. in Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (July 1951), 80(1): 90-96 [partially reprinted in W. V. Quine's From a Logical Point of View] 1951.* [Rejoinder to Mr. Geach] On What There Is. III in Aristotelian Society Supplementary Volume (1951), 25: 149-160. Third part of Freedom, Reality, and Language: Aristotelian Society and The Mind Association joint session at Edinburgh, July 6 - 8, 1951 symposium on On What There Is with Peter Geach (pp. 125-136) and A.J. Ayer (pp. 137-148). 1951. (with J.C.C. McKinsey and W.D. Krentel.) A Simplification of Games in Extensive Form. in Duke Mathematical Journal (1951), 18: 885-900. 1951. On the Consistency of `New Foundations'. in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (August 15, 1951), 37(8): 538-540 1951. Two Dogmas of Empiricism. Philosophical Review (January 1951), 60(1): 20-43 [reprinted in W. V. Quine's From A Logical point of View and Quintessence] 1951.+ Some theorems on definability and decidability (abstract with Alonzo Church) in Journal of Symbolic Logic 16: 239 - 240 [see paper in 1952] 1951. It Tastes Like Chicken in Furioso: Winter 1951 37 - 39; REPRINTED 1989. It Tastes Like Chicken in Delos: Spring 1989 pp. 139 - 141 1952. On an Application of Tarski's Theory of Truth. in Proceedings of the National Academy of Science (May 15, 1952), 38(5):430-433 [reprinted in W. V. Quine's Selected Logic Papers] 1952.+ Preface to Joseph Clark Conventional Logic and Modern Logic.., Woodstock, pp. v - vii [reprinted in Bynum, 1971] 1952. The Problem of Simplifying Truth Functions. in American Mathematical Monthly (October 1952), 59:521-531 [reprinted in Swartzlander, 1973] 1952. (with Alonzo Church.) Some Theorems of Definability and Decidability. in Journal of Symbolic Logic (September 1952), 17(3): 179-187. 1952. (with William Craig.) On Reduction to a Symmetric Relation. in Journal of Symbolic Logic (September 1952), 17(3): 188 1952.+ The problem of simplifying truth functions (abstract) in Journal of Symbolic Logic 17: 156 [see papers in later years] 1953. On w-Inconsistency and a so-called Axiom of Infinity. in Journal of Symbolic Logic (June 1953), 18(2): 119-124 [reprinted in W. V. Quine's Selected Logic Papers] 1953. On a so-called Paradox. Mind (January 1953), 62(245): 65-67 [reprinted in W. V. Quine's The Ways of Paradox]