Азербайджанские ханства

Азербайджа́нские ха́нстваТермин «Азербайджанские ханства» используется в ряде источников: Tadeusz Swietochowski. Russian Azerbaijan, 1905—1920: The Shaping of National Identity in a Muslim Community. Cambridge, UK, Cambridge University Press, 2004. ISBN 0-521-52245-5. Azerbaijani khanates and the conquest by Russia

In 1747 Nadir Shah, the strong ruler who had established his hold over Persia eleven years earlier, was assassinated in a palace coup, and his empire fell into chaos and anarchy. These circumstances effectively terminated the suzerainty of Persia over Azerbaijan, where local centers of power emerged in the form of indigenous principalities, independent or virtually so, inasmuch as some maintained tenuous links to Persia’s weak Zand dynasty.

Thus began a half-century-long period of Azerbaijani independence, albeit in a condition of deep political fragmentation and internal warfare. Most of the principalities were organized as khanates, small replicas of the Persian monarchy, including Karabagh, Sheki, Ganja, Baku, Derbent, Kuba, Nakhichevan, Talysh, and Erivan in northern Azerbaijan and Tabriz, Urmi, Ardabil, Khoi, Maku, Maragin, and Karadagh in its southern part. Many of the khanates were subdivided into mahals (regions), territorial units inhabited by members of the same tribe, reflecting the fact that residue of tribalism was still strong.

Tadeusz Swietochowski. Russia’s Transcaucasian Policies and Azerbaijan: Ethnic Conflict and Regional Unity // In a collapsing empire. Feltrinelli Editore, 1993. P. 190. An Armenian oblast' (district) was created on the territory of the former Azerbaijani khanates of Erivan and Nakhichevan, yet remarkably there followed no large scale manifestation of ethnic strife in the countryside.

Firouzeh Mostashari. On the religious frontier: Tsarist Russia and Islam in the Caucasus. I.B. Tauris; New York, 2006. ISBN 1-85043-771-8. The Caucasian Campaigns and the Azerbaijani Khanates The success of the Russian campaigns in annexing the Transcaucasian territories was not solely due to the resolve of the generals and their troops, or even their superiority over the Persian military. The independent khanates, themselves, were disintegrating from within, helplessly weakening one another with their internal rivalries.

Marshall Cavendish Corporation. World and Its Peoples: Middle East, Western Asia, and Northern Africa. P. 751. ISBN 0-7614-7571-0. The Azeris.In a series of wars with Persia at the beginning of the nineteenth century, Russia gained the Azeri khanates north of the Araks River, which still forms the frontier between Azerbaijan and Iran.

Robert Strausz-Hupé, Harry W. Hazard. The idea of colonialism. Praeger, 1958. P. 77. In 1804 Russian troops occupied the khanate of Ganja, and this was followed by the surrender of several other autonomous Azeri khanates in western Azerbaijan.

Alexander Murinson. Turkey’s Entente with Israel and Azerbaijan. Routledge, 2009. P. 2. The core territory of modern-day Azerbaijan, i.e. Shirvan, Quba and other Azeri Khanates in the Caucasus, served historically as place of refuge for Persian and later Russian Jews.

Galina M. Yemelianova. Radical Islam in the Former Soviet Union. Routledge, 2009. P. 149. With the fall of the Safawid empire in 1722, a number of independent khanates emerged on the territory of modern Azerbaijan. Among them were the khanates of Bakı, Gəncə, Qarabağ, Quba, Naxçıvan, Şirvan, Şəki, and Şamaxı. By 1805, the khanates of Qarabağ and Şirvan had become protectorates of the Russian Empire. In two wars between Russia and Qajār Persia in 1804—1813 and 1826—1828, the Russians conquered other Azerbaijani khanates.

Svante E Cornell. Azerbaijan Since Independence. M. E. Sharpe. P. 7. ISBN 0-7656-3004-4. One of the most direct results of the weakening of Iranian central power was the growing independence this granted to the khanates of both northern and southern Azerbaijan.

Henry R. Huttenbach. Soviet Nationality Policies. Mansell, 1990. P. 222. The pattern of the Russian conquest varied: in some cases, notably in the Azerbaijani khanate of Ganja, the emirate of Bukhara, the khanate of Kokand and Turkmenistan, violence and bloodshed were involved.

Bohdan Nahaylo, Victor Swoboda. Soviet Disunion. A History of the Nationalities Problem in the USSR. Simon and Schuster, 1990. P. 12. Its inhabitants being Shiite, the Azerbaijani khanate was more closely linked with Persia than with their Turkish kin. Peter the Great defeated Persia and annexed the Derbent and Baku regions of Azerbaijan in 1724.

Stephen K. Batalden. The Newly Independent States of Eurasia. Greenwood Publishing Group, 1997. P. 110. The 1812 Treaty of Gulistan and the 1828 Treaty of Turkmanchai ended the two Russo-Persian wars and brought Azerbaijani khanates north of the Aras River under Russian control.

Heiko Krüger. The Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict. A Legal Analysis. Springer, 2010. P. 7. The Karabakh khanate became one of the most important and largest of the Azerbaijani khanates… At the end of the 18th century the Azerbaijani khanates were under an increasing threat of being occupied by the Persian and Russian Empires. Various khanates, including Karabakh and Erivan, joined forces on the initiative of the Karabakh khan.

Edward Allworth. Muslim Communities Reemerge. Historical Perspectives on Nationality. Duke University Press, 1994. P. 47. One of the first consequences of the conquest was the gradual dismantling of the Azerbaijani khanates, the principalities that had formed the political structure of the country. The khanates of Ganja, Shirvan, Talysh, Baku, Karabagh, Sheki, Nakhichevan, Derbent, and Kuba disappeared, one after the other, for the most part during the 1830s and the 1840s, and the process of breaking up these traditional polities contributed to the weakening of deeply rooted local particularisms

Andrew Burke. Iran. Lonely Planet, 2010. P. 136. Long a key fortress and citadel guarding the Ottoman-Persian frontier, Maku was one of many Azerbaijani khanates that gained semi-independence in the chaotic period following the death of Nadir Shah in 1749.

Encyclopedia of World Cultures: Russia and Eurasia, China. Edited by Paul Friedrich. G.K. Hall, 1994. P. 243. Some Lezgin tukhums were, at different times, under foreign feudal overlordship (e.g., the Lak Khanate of Kazikumukh and the Azerbaijani khanates of Shemakha, Kuba, and Derbent).

.In the khanate of Erevan, as in the Azeri khanates, most land belonged to the khans and now came under the Russian state.

Michael Rywkin. Moscow’s Lost Empire. — M.E. Sharpe, 1994 — P. 85 — ISBN 1-56324-236-2.The Armenians of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Region of Azerbaijan represent the most difficult case of Soviet interethnic relations. Territorially encircled by Azerbaijan, historically part of Azeri Khanate of Karabakh, but demographically predominantly Armenian, the region is a powder keg.}}Выражение «адербейджанские ханы» в различных формах («адырбайджанские ханы», «адербиджанские ханы») можно встретить в ряде документов XVIII века., или персидские (иранские) ханстваThe Cambridge Modern History, T. 14, 1992, P. 72.Ираника. AZERBAIJAN . «This new entity consisted of the former Iranian Khanates of Arrān, including Karabagh, Baku, Shirvan, Ganja, Talysh (Ṭāleš), Derbent (Darband), Kuba, and Nakhichevan (Naḵjavān), which had been annexed to Russia by the treaties of Golestān (1813) and Torkamānčāy (1828) under the rubric of Eastern Transcaucasia.» (устар. татарские ханстваВ Закавказском крае ко временам Ермолова наименее упрочненными за Россией владениями оставались примыкавшие к Грузии с юга и юго-востока татарские ханства.), — условное название феодальных владений, во главе в основном с азербайджанскими тюркоязычными династиямиWorld and Its Peoples: Middle East, Western Asia, and Northern Africa. Marshall Cavendish Corporation, 2006. ISBN 0-7614-7571-0. P. 751. The Azeris. In a series of wars with Persia at the beginning of the nineteenth century, Russia gained the Azeri khanates north of the Araks River, which still forms the frontier between Azerbaijan and Iran.Tadeusz Swietochowski. Russian Azerbaijan, 1905—1920: The Shaping of National Identity in a Muslim Community. Cambridge, UK, Cambridge University Press, 2004. ISBN 0-521-52245-5: Thus began a half-century-long period of Azerbaijani independence, albeit in a condition of deep political fragmentation and internal warfare. Most of the principalities were organized as khanates, small replicas of the Persian monarchy, including Karabagh, Sheki, Ganja, Baku, Derbent, Kuba, Nakhichevan, Talysh, and Erivan in northern Azerbaijan and Tabriz, Urmi, Ardabil, Khoi, Maku, Maragin, and Karadagh in its southern part. Many of the khanates were subdivided into mahals (regions), territorial units inhabited by members of the same tribe, reflecting the fact that residue of tribalism was still strong.Firouzeh Mostashari. On the religious frontier: Tsarist Russia and Islam in the Caucasus. I.B. Tauris; New York, 2006. ISBN 1-85043-771-8. P. 13., возникших на территории бывших провинций Сефевидского государства (беглербегств) в результате распада государства Надир-шаха в середине XVIII века, просуществовавших как более или менее самостоятельные государственные образования до начала XIX века (Макинское ханство — до 1920-х гг.) и постепенно интегрированных в состав Российской империи (исторические области Арран, Ширван и некоторые другие, а также Восточная Армения) и Ирана (Иранский Азербайджан). Помимо тюрков, ханства населяли также армяне, грузины, лезгины, персы, аварцы, курды, ассирийцы, талыши, таты, удины, шахдагские народы и другие этнические группы:Бурные события начала XVIII в. привели государство Сефевидов к упадку, и после 1747 г. оно распалось на отдельные ханства, среди которых были Карабахское, Нахичеванское, Шемахинское, Ереванское и др. Властители этих ханств происходили из мусульманских тюркских династий, но их население было смешанным как по языку, так и по религии. Кроме тюрок, там жили армяне, грузины, лезгины, аварцы и некоторые другие группы. Их селения обладали определённой автономией, и христианские общины успешно сохраняли свою идентичность, церковь, язык и литературу (Altstadt, 1992. Р. 8). Мало того, в Нагорном Карабахе имелось пять армянских меликств, которые находили поддержку у Надир-шаха..

Ханства вошедшие в Российскую империю (Северный Азербайджан и Восточная Армения) Бакинское (в основном ираноязычное); Гянджинское; Джавадское; Карабахское; Кубинско-Дербентское (тюрко-ирано-дагестаноязычное); Нахичеванское; Талышское (в основном ираноязычное); Шекинское; Ширванское; Эриванское.

Крупнейшим немусульманским меньшинством были армяне, проживавшие в основном в Гянджинском, Карабахском, Эриванском, Нахичеванском и Ширванском ханствах.

Ханства Иранского Азербайджана Ардебильское; Зенджанское; Карадагское; Макинское; Марагинское; Сарабское; Тебризское; Урмийское; Халхальское; Хойское; Марандское;

Образование ханств

Ханства образовались в результате ослабления центральной власти в государстве Надир-шаха после его убийства 9 мая 1747 года. Уже в последние годы правления Надира в результате введения новых налогов и сборов население различных регионов стало поднимать восстания, в результате чего ''«от него отложились из-за тяжести хараджа и Гянджа, и Самух, и Эриван, и другие города и подданные»'Алиев Ф. М. Антииранские выступления и борьба против турецкой оккупации в Азербайджане в первой половине XVIII века/под. ред. А. С. Сумбатзаде, Баку, 1975, С. 216..

Основателями ханств в основном были выходцы из знатных фамилий тюркских (азербайджанских) феодалов, многие из которых были наследственными правителями различных областей.